Logical Fallacies
Logical fallacies and their types, with explanations and examples.
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| ID | Name | Type | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ad hominem | Informal | Attacks the person rather than their argument | You cannot trust his budget plan because he is rude |
| 2 | Straw man | Informal | Misrepresents an argument to make it easier to attack | He wants transit funding so he must want to ban all cars |
| 3 | Appeal to authority | Informal | Claims a view is true only because an authority holds it | This cream works because a famous actor endorses it |
| 4 | Appeal to ignorance | Informal | Treats a lack of disproof as proof of a claim | No one has shown ghosts are unreal so they must be real |
| 5 | Appeal to popularity | Informal | Claims a view is true because many people hold it | Millions bought it so it must be the best product |
| 6 | Appeal to tradition | Informal | Argues a practice is right because it is long standing | We have always done it this way so it must be correct |
| 7 | Appeal to novelty | Informal | Argues something is better simply because it is new | This method is newer so it has to be superior |
| 8 | Appeal to nature | Informal | Argues something is good because it is natural | It is herbal and natural so it cannot be harmful |
| 9 | Appeal to pity | Informal | Uses sympathy in place of relevant evidence | I deserve a passing grade because I worked so hard |
| 10 | Appeal to fear | Informal | Uses fear or threat instead of sound reasoning | Vote for me or your savings will vanish overnight |
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Scope and sources
Last changed: July 20, 2026. This may reflect a change to the data or its description; it is not a coverage-through date.
- Wikipedia: List of fallacies (used with permission)
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