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Logical Fallacies

Language & Reference 52 records updated 2026-07-20

Logical Fallacies, with name, type, description, and example.

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First 25 of 52 records. Click a column to sort these rows.

ID Name Type Description Example
1 Ad hominem Informal Attacks the person rather than their argument You cannot trust his budget plan because he is rude
2 Straw man Informal Misrepresents an argument to make it easier to attack He wants transit funding so he must want to ban all cars
3 Appeal to authority Informal Claims a view is true only because an authority holds it This cream works because a famous actor endorses it
4 Appeal to ignorance Informal Treats a lack of disproof as proof of a claim No one has shown ghosts are unreal so they must be real
5 Appeal to popularity Informal Claims a view is true because many people hold it Millions bought it so it must be the best product
6 Appeal to tradition Informal Argues a practice is right because it is long standing We have always done it this way so it must be correct
7 Appeal to novelty Informal Argues something is better simply because it is new This method is newer so it has to be superior
8 Appeal to nature Informal Argues something is good because it is natural It is herbal and natural so it cannot be harmful
9 Appeal to pity Informal Uses sympathy in place of relevant evidence I deserve a passing grade because I worked so hard
10 Appeal to fear Informal Uses fear or threat instead of sound reasoning Vote for me or your savings will vanish overnight
11 Appeal to force Informal Uses a threat of harm to win agreement Agree with the plan or you will lose your job
12 Appeal to emotion Informal Replaces evidence with a play on feelings Picture the sad puppies and you will agree with me
13 Appeal to consequences Informal Judges a claim by whether its outcome is pleasant That cannot be true because it would be upsetting
14 Slippery slope Informal Claims one small step must lead to extreme outcomes If we allow this rule then chaos will surely follow
15 False dilemma Informal Presents only two options when more exist You are either with us or against us
16 Begging the question Informal Assumes the conclusion within its own premise It is true because the book says it is true
17 Circular reasoning Informal Supports a claim by simply restating the claim He is honest because he never tells a lie
18 Hasty generalization Informal Draws a broad conclusion from too little evidence Two friends liked it so everyone will like it
19 Post hoc ergo propter hoc Informal Assumes that because B followed A, A caused B I wore red and we won so red wins games
20 False cause Informal Assumes a correlation must prove causation Ice cream sales and crime both rise so one causes the other
21 Red herring Informal Introduces an irrelevant point to distract Why worry about the leak when others waste more water
22 Tu quoque Informal Deflects criticism by charging hypocrisy You say not to smoke but you smoke too
23 No true Scotsman Informal Redefines a group to dismiss a counterexample No true fan would ever criticize the team
24 Equivocation Informal Shifts a word between two meanings to mislead A feather is light so it cannot be dark in color
25 Loaded question Informal Builds an unfair assumption into a question Have you stopped copying answers on tests

Notes